My People, My Dream

The cold winds from the Torricelli range blew down along the foothills of the Torricelli Mountains as it met the rising current of warm air from the sea and the beautiful Sissano lagoon. Somewhere further up inland, in a sago leaf thatched roof of a small hut, walled with sago branches, I lay whimpering. The cold morning breeze from the virgin rainforest sent shivers up my spine as the blanket could only offer a small protection from the strong cold. As I lay on the old damp mattress made cold by the morning dampness, I heard the geckos and the beetles that made their home in the small hut squeaking. They were singing a song in their own language that no one could understand. Listening to their beautiful squeaking voices, I heard a rhythm in my half-conscious mind, a pattern of a lyric that somehow makes sense in my human ears, forming words and stanzas that is familiar to my people. The song sung by the insects echoed the all too familiar sentiments experienced by their human folk in their ecology of life.

We as a people have been struggling for a very long time. We have struggled to carry our market produce to town. We have been walking over the years for about 7 to 8 hours to reach Aitape. On the journey we were subject to the conditions of nature,  floods and heat were our foes. We were exposed to the elements of nature and are at their mercy.

Our fellow kinsmen in the furthest north, the East and along the Torricelli range experienced the same sentiments. They walk for days to get to Aitape. They climb steep mountains, walk down deep gullies. They are exposed to cold without proper protection and clothing as they walk. Many have fallen in this walk and quest for light and have never rose again. Many more will fall and perish in the rugged uninhabited jungles of Torricelli as I write. Those who have conventional form of transport fail to sustain it over the years because of the rugged and extreme road conditions that we have.

Along the coast from the East to the West, the sea at times was not favourable. Mother Nature in the years gone by and still counting has called my people to pay the price of her services with their lives. Yet my people still braved the storms for that ultimate price, to see the light, the light that is slowly diminishing.

Finally with unanswered questions and a troubled mind, I fell into a deep sleep and dreamt a very beautiful dream. The dream brought smile into my face and peace into my heart.

I dreamt that my people were smiling. My people from the East to the West, from the Mountains to the Coast and the beautiful Isles were all smiling. They were smiling because of the much improved road system, from the furthest East to the furthest West and from the Torricelli ranges to the coast.

My people now were able to make their ends meet. They were able to sell their garden food and sea food because of the much improved road system. I dreamt that ships started sailing into our harbour. Yes, I can see their moorings on the port that now look majestic in the light of the setting sun. This time, countless ships passed not beyond and outside of our Isles but into our shores. I dreamt that our little town look dazzling as the dying ambers of the setting sun shed its beams on it. Yes, there was buzzing of activities and as I watched with interest, a group of women and children hurried out of the air ticket office brandishing in the air their tickets. Wow! I heard them talk to other bystanders, that, they will board the plane next day at our very own airport.

I was still smiling as the first rays of the sun slit through the sago palm walls of hut and dazzled my eyes. I open my eyes to the sound of my kinsmen and women beside the morning fires in our small family gathering hut, only to realise, that it was only a dream.

It was only a dream, but we have a dream. West Aitape Inland Grassroots Development Inc. as a community based organization has a dream. We strive to add value to the lives of our people. Though we do not have the financial strength to carry all of our objectives, we are committed and determined to deliver services and developments to our people without cost. We have pledged to go to extreme extents to deliver community developments within our power and capacity, to put smile on the faces of our people.

Our ultimate dream is to see our people happy. In this, we believe and conquer with few other countries of the world that, success for our people is not measured in GDP but in GNH. GNH simply means Gross National Happiness. We will be content and happy when our people are happy.

As the year 2019 is about to end, WAIGDI is please to reflect that we are on the verge of achieving one of the most important feature of our Organization. That is, to fully implement and carry out the “eco-tourism” project to empower our local indigenous people and communities. We believe that Tourism is the Catalyst for change ,and we will continue to press on till Aitape-Lumi becomes the Tourism hub of the province and the new pearl of Papua New Guinea.

We cannot fulfil all the cries of our people and put smile on their faces at this instant, but at least we give a try.

It is worth trying and it is satisfying to die trying than experiencing the pain of seeing our people suffer.

Yes, let the dream go on, perhaps, perhaps it may be that one day, this dream will become a reality for my beautiful and innocent people. But for now let us keep on dreaming.

 

Reference

Photos- courtesy the author's family

Others are accessed from https://www.bing.com/images/search?q=Islands+of+Aitape

BEYOND THE FOOTHILLS OF TORRICELLI

The cry of the Rengile

This article is an analysis into the operation of the Tenkile Conservation Authority operating in the Lumi area of West Sepik Province. This article aims to bring to light the current practise of the conservation program.

Tenkile or Rengile in Onele language is the name that refers to the Scott’s Tree Kangaroo, a protected species in the Torricelli mountain range of West Sepik Province, Papua New Guinea.

Rengile, in ages gone by, was a delicacy within the Torricelli mountain range communities. Their population during that time was fast decreasing due to increase hunting activities. The Rengiles were in danger of extinction and their cry was not even heard. In 1990, Professor Tim Flannery, a scientist, in his field work and research, suddenly describes a new species of Tree Kangaroo, called the Scott’s Tree Kangaroo, Rengile or famously called Tenkile in Olo language (Sullivan,2002). Later in 1993 he describes another species called the Weimang or the Golden-mantled Tree Kangaroo. This was a break-through! Finally, the cry of the Rengile and its cousin, the Weimang, was heard and they were saved from extinction.

With the initial work done by Dr Flannery, the Tenkile Conservation Authority (TCA) was established in 1993. In 1994, Jim and Jean Thomas were employed by Zoos Victoria in Australia to oversee this project. Fast forward to today, a base has been established and the TCA is now gearing towards making Torricelli a fully protected area.

The Positives

TCA has now grown from its humble beginning to a giant it is today. It now a major project in the conservation industry. Looking at the positives and the impact that it has on the community, TCA:

1.       Is a registered non-government organization in Papua New Guinea (TCA PNG).

2.      It’s policies and spin offs benefits moratorium communities (villages that sign agreement to temporarily stop the hunting of Rengile).

3.      Provides substitute proteins like fish, rabbits and so forth.

4.       Provide water tanks, VIP Toilets, Solar lights, (all these cost the villagers at least some money).

      5.   Provides employment

   opportunities for the people.

The positive impacts and benefits thus, are an indication of the potential that conservation industry has. This also demonstrates the potential to boost the local villages, the local economy and to add value to the lives of the people.

The Negatives

In any organisation, there are always strengths and weaknesses; TCA in this matter has also some loopholes. According to TCA reports (TCA Annual Report, 2016) and others:

1.       The Board of the TCA are all foreigners- (There is no indigenous person or National [Papua New Guinean] in the TCA Board).

2.       The Indigenous people are only employees of the Organization and are not decision makers.

3.       There is no evidence of Indigenous Land Owners in the decision making body.

4.       TCA is aiming, as per its constitutional objective (TCA Annual Report 2016, p. 4), to take on the  REDD + (Reduced Emissions from avoided Deforestation and Degradation) & PES (Payment for Environmental Services) project, which has a huge implication as far as the inherent intrinsic values of the Torricelli people are concerned that relates to benefits*. 

Comparison to Similar Conservation Projects in the Country

Similar to the TCA is the YUS Conservation project. This project is located in the east from  direction of Madang. It is also conducting a similar project but with different partners. The YUS conservation programme also has certain features that are different to the TCA.

YUS conservation programme features:

1.      YUS have an operational livelihood project- which features coffee with an international market ready for use- direct export.

2.      Have a scholarship programme (a specific partnership  with Balop Teachers College) that sponsors student teachers who goes back to teach at their schools

3.     Have a Coffee and Cocoa Corporative. This Corporative is registered with the PNG Government representing the people in the conservation area. 

In comparing the programme features and benefits that TCA give to the local communities in contrast to YUS, the difference is striking. The YUS conservation project has gone extra miles further. They have depth in their intent to add value to the lives of the people. YUS conservation project gives and adds more value to the life of the YUS people as compared to the TCA.

Concluding Thoughts

The cry of the Rengiles has been heard and their plea has been successfully answered. The Tenkile Conservation Authority is credited to saving and protecting the lives of the Rengile population and its nearest cousin, the Weimang.  Finally, as the cry of the Rengile is slowing down, there is another cry, echoing out from beyond the foothills of the Torricelli mountain ranges. This is a new cry, this time it is not of the Rengile, nor  of the Weimang, but it is of the Wape and the Upper Onele people. It is a cry of the life of much needed basic services and development.

As this crying is going on, the fear of it diminishing and silently going off and ignored like the morning Torricelli mountain fog is also imminent. The question that has to be answered now is, is TCA on track to answer this cry? If it is not, should it be improved to be better suited to attend to this cry? Or is there a better alternative to answer this cry?

Bibliography

Tenkile Conservation Alliance. (2016). 2016 Annual Report. Retrieved from www.tenkile.com

Tree Kangaroo conservation program: Managing the YUS conservation area. Accessed from https://www.zoo.org/tkcp/managingyus

*You can read and try to analyse and discover the implications of the benefits in your own time if you are interested.

 

 THE SIXTH TRUMPET

The Vision of the 7 Trumpets is one of the most perplexing subjects in the book of Revelation and in the entire NT. Before we examine the 6^th Trumpet in detail, it is necessary to discuss some questions of general matter.

What are the 7 trumpets all about? What is the nature of the trumpets in the Bible? When is the time of the blowing the 7 Trumpets?

In both the NT & OT, the blowing of the trumpets symbolises “the intervention of God in history.” E.g. summons to battle, announcement and coronation of King, gathering of people, warning of approaching danger etc… However in most cases the trumpet is used in the context of the temple liturgy and holy wars (Lev 25:9, Num. 10:9-10, Josh 6:4-20)

The Key OT text for the meaning of the trumpets is in Numbers 10:8-10.

The vision of the blowing of the 7 trumpets of Rev 8-11 should be understood against these OT backgrounds. In other words the blowing of the 7 Trumpets is a series of interventions by God in response to the prayers of His people.

In Revelation 8-11, John observes the 7 Angels standing before God’s throne to receive 7 Trumpets. Their Mission is to announce a new series of woes being sent to the earth. The text indicates that even though catastrophic in nature, the 7 Trumpets are not natural calamities and disasters. They are rather a manifestation of the presence and reality of God in history. They reveal God’s reaction to injustice and harm being done to His people (as you can see the first verses of chapter 8:5 where John saw the angels receiving the 7 trumpets, he saw another angel take the golden censer with incense mingled with the prayers of the Saints, and the angel fills it with fire from the alter and throws it to the earth which resulted in “thunder, voices and flashes of lightning and an earth quake’”)

The scene of the blowing of the 7 trumpets begins with the cross, as does the scene of the opening of the 7 seals of Revelation 6. The conclusions of both scenes bring us to the time of the end. The 7 seals talks about what the Church of the God has gone through, while the 7 trumpets talks about what is really happening in the Christian lives of people when God allows Spiritual destruction to take place.

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History of the 5 Trumpets

1.     Rev 8:7-1^st Trumpet- the Biblical evidence leads to the conclusion that the first trumpet blast portrays the consequences visited upon those who rejected and crucified Jesus and opposed the gospel. This is experienced by the Jews who were utterly annihilated in AD. 70. In the destruction of the Jewish nation with its capital in AD 70, many Jews were “burnt up.” For the Jewish people, this event still remains one of the bitterest chapters in their history.

2.      Rev 8:8-9- 2^nd Trumpet- (mountain represents a Kingdom (great kingdom), (In Jeremiah 51:25a- the Bible says the God will destroy Babylon which is a destroying Mountain, now in Bible prophecy, Babylon is code name for Rome. Hence here God allows the destruction of the Roman Empire who was also with the Jews was hostile to Jesus and the Christians [through the Northern Tribes]

3.     Rev 8:10-11- 3^rd Trumpet- Great Star- Lucifer (Satan), Rivers & Springs of Water = Spiritual nourishment, wormwood= is the name of a bitter herb which has poisonous effects- This refers to the time where Spiritual Apostasy creeps into the Church, and those who drinks it were spiritually dead.

4.     Rev 8:12- 4^th Trumpet- Darkening of the light= which represents Jesus & Bible Good news. – Describes the temporal darkening of the spiritual sources of true light, namely Bible Gospel, under the prevailing influence of secularism

5.     Rev 9:1-12- 5^th Trumpet- Star fallen from Heaven- Satan, Pit of Abyss- chaotic condition, was given to him- Key was given by God to him, Locusts- God’s symbol of Judgement, grass of the earth, nor anything green thing nor any tree (Ps 1)- God’s people, already sealed by God, five months- maybe the lifespan of the locusts, tails like scorpions and stings- refers to deceiving prophets and false teachings, Abaddon-Apollyon- means destruction. – The fifth trumpet refers to the spiritual condition in the secular world and the consequences of such conditions from 18^th century to our time.  

This now leads us the study of the 6^th Trumpet which is the final trumpet before the 7^th Trumpet that refers to the second coming of Christ. Let us now look at our main study.

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The 6^TH TRUMPET

 

Let us now Read Revelation 9:13-21

 Notes/ Key phrases

9: 13 The golden alter which was before God- The golden alter here is evidently the alter of incense before the throne mentioned earlier in Rev 8:3-4, which in the OT temple was “in front of the veil that is near the ark of the testimony, in front of the mercy seat that is over the ark of the testimony, where I will meet you.” (cf. Exod. 30:6)

9:14 The great river Euphrates- In OT, the Euphrates, called the great river, stood for the boundary that separated God’s people from their enemies. Regions beyond the Euphrates were regarded as archenemies of God and Israel- Assyria & Babylon (cf. Isa 7:20; Jer. 46:10)

The four angels- The four angels “who are bound at the great river Euphrates” are evidently the same four angels of Revelation 7:1-3. While in Revelation 7 the four angels are holding firmly the four winds of the earth, so that the wind should not blow upon the earth, the four angels in Revelation 9 retrains the armies of the horsemen.

The four angels were released- the passive form her (“were released”) indicates that God now allows them to release the armies of the horsemen.

Two hundred million- Literarily, “two myriads of myriads,” or, twenty thousand times ten thousand. The figure is symbolic representing a countless multitude

9:17-18- Fire and smoke and sulphur- The combination of fire, smoke, and sulphur in the Bible is always linked with judgements on the wicked. In destroying Sodom and Gomorrah, the Lord rained sulphur and fire out of heaven, so that their smoke ascended like the smoke of a furnace.

9:19 Mouths- According to 9:18, the people are killed by fire, smoke, and sulphur issuing from the horses’ mouths. The mouth as a symbol in Revelation refers to a mighty weapon in spiritual battle between good and evil. Here the symbolic mouth is the weapon of Satan and his associates in their activities against God’s people. These suggest that the battle here is verbal rather than physical in character.

 Tails- refers to deceiving prophets and false teachings

APPLICATION

In the scene of the blowing of the 5^th trumpet, the horse-like demonic locusts were prepared for battle (9:5) under the leadership of Satan. Their activities were restrained for they were not allowed to kill people but only to torment them. The situation here now in the final stages before second coming is now different; the demonic forces are given total freedom to exercise their destructive activities against the earth and its inhabitants.  

In Rev 9:13-16- The 6^th Angel is now sounding his trumpet, John now hears a voice coming from the horns of the golden alter which is before God. Here the heavenly voice coming from the alter of incense is very important, God is responding to the payers of His people throughout the world who are going through trials, persecution and hardship by allowing the escalation of the activities of the demons to also hasten is coming.

Thus, Jesus Christ now from the heavenly Sanctuary commands the 6^th Angel to release the 4 angels who are bound at the great river Euphrates. Here Jesus in response to the prayers and cries of His people is allowing the demonic forces to escalate their attacks. God’s people, this explains the escalations of the immorality and lawlessness within our society today.

We Christian friends are in the final edges of the earth’s history. The, good news is that God is in control. This is why the demonic forces have no freedom to act until the time set for them by God. The Bible mentions that, the four angels are set to have been prepared for the hour and day and month and year.

Yes, the demonic forces had already begun with the sound of the 5^th trumpet and they were restrained, however today they are no longer restrained, they are now carrying out widespread killing. The influence of secularism and materialism with Satan’s influence has now eaten almost all the entire civilisation throughout the world and has already destroyed almost all parts of our country and is still continuing. This explains the everyday crime news that we hear on TV, we experience every minutes and hour within our community in the form of constant swearing as play words going on around the place.

Yes dear friend, the number of this demonic army is two hundred million- It is countless, we are constantly in this battle. Without Christ, we are helpless.

God the Holy Spirit wants us to notice tonight that the demonic horses killing power lays in their mouths and in their tails. The demonic horses use their tails to torment and harm. Their tails are like snakes, having heads and with them they cause harm. In Rev 12:9, Satan is seen as the old serpent that drags the other angels out of heaven with his tail which (Isa. 10:14-15) refers to lies, deception and false teachings to lead human begins away from God and to follow him.

So while the demonic horses torment people with their tails, they kill with their mouths from which fire, smoke, and sulphur are issuing forth.

Dear Christians, God’s people, beloveds whom He purchased with a price, the attack carried out by the demons using tails and mouths suggests but one thing. That is, the final conflict between the forces of light and darkness, of good and evil, between us and Satan is not military, but spiritual.

The character of the conflict is verbal and ideological- a battle for the total control of the minds of every people throughout the world and all of us sitting here tonight. It is a battle of the mind by means of persuasion rather that physical force which Satan is unleashing at the moment.

The Holy Spirit would like to appeal to all at this point in time you are reading this sermon, that don’t wait for the whatever battle that you think is coming, because the battle is already here.

Devil Satan is using internet, Facebook and mobile phones, TV‘s and movies to change and has persuaded and has changed the mindset of every one of us tonight. He has created the false ideologies of sexual performances that disturb marriage, and people who have accessed pornography look for sexual gratification outside their marriage, and even before they are married. People are now experiencing total depravity which explains the raping of small babies that we often read in papers and news.

Those who don’t have access to these stuff that promotes these false ideologies, are having their minds blown away and changed through the every minutes and seconds of problems arising in the communities of drunkards, family problems, swearing people, and other problems escalating everywhere.

The demonic forces are not only operating in the individual people but also in Governments in national and international level to promote and persuade false ideologies to be accepted such as gay marriages which is about to creep into our country shortly, legalisation of brothels and the list continues.

John then concludes in 9:20-21- And the rest of the people, the ones who were not killed by these plagues, did not repent.

 

I want to pose a question here and the question is, “Who are these people who have not been killed by these plagues?”

It refers to some of us who are reading this sermon, in fact all of us. That though we may not have been totally destroyed for example we cannot accept Same Sex marriage in a typical Papua New Guinea mindset. However, the Bible says some of us have not repented.

At this point in time, some of us here as the battle is going on- did not understand and realise the hopelessness and helplessness of our situation, but we have continued on worshipping:

The first on the list say demons- we still hold on to some of the things of this world, custom, a little bit of puripuri, sanguma and poisin thing. We are still worshipping idols of gold and of silver and of bronze, iron, wood, and stone- these the are pleasures of this world. We are putting money first, we are still entertaining sinful nature in our lives.

We are putting the desire of the flesh and lusts of this world first in our lives, those are those things which do not hear or see.

John continues and sees that the wicked did not repent from their murders ( this refers to hating of others, swearing and not committing murder, but Jesus said if you hate someone, you have already killed someone), or their sorceries- this comes from the Greek word ‘Pharmakeia”- which refers to be enchanted with something- here it refers to false ideologies presented through movies, mobile phones, TVs and the list continues, or their fornication- this refers to spiritual backsliding- allowing the flesh to control our lives-holding both the Spiritual and Immoral life, and thefts- false play, stealing from God, self centeredness in our lives.

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CONCLUSION

 

Alas Dear friends, the terrible scene of the sixth trumpet brings us clearly to the time of the end. It portrays the preparation for the final conflict. It points to the last crisis of the world which, as the end draws near, it will be characterized by the intensification of demonic activities.

The people who are without the seal of God (who are not experiencing sealing now) are unprotected against the demonic powers and from the deceptive doctrines from the symbolic Babylon.

Finally, in humility and in the presence of God the Holy Spirit, I would like to conclude that the failure of the wicked to repent signals the approaching cessation of intercession and the gathering for the final battle between Christ and His army and the Satanic army.

It is during these intensive demonic activities that God makes a special effort to reach human hearts when His mercy is still available.

 



WILL YOU FULLY ACCEPT JESUS CHRIST THIS INSTANT?

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Reference

The 6th Trumpet mages are accessed from https://www.bing.com/images/search?q=the+sixth+trumpet+pictures&qpvt=The+Sixth+Trumpet+pictures&FORM=IGRE 

Bibliography

Stefanovic, R. (2009). Revelation of Jesus Christ: commentary on the book of   Revelation. Andrews University Press.

 

 

 sermon no#1

MY PEOPLE, MY CRY

Reminiscing the past and hoping for the future

The concept of Development in the world is debatable. Regardless of all this, at the heart of the concept of ‘development’ are the notions of improvement or betterment (Willis, 2016). The author then further reflects that, these days, development theories seek to explain development processes and development inequalities based on particular definitions of development.

Reflection

In the developing countries like Papua New Guinea, development and development projects are all defined by the World Bank and other International institutions. Development in this beautiful nation is powerfully described as a huge tidal wave from the West crashing on the Melanesian society (Narakobi, 1980). The Melanesians were not even prepared for the change. One prominent academic lamented the fact that the people right throughout this beautiful nation even to the fringes should be helped to understand this new gigantic waves framed by Christianity and Colonialism (Nekitel, 1989). Nevertheless, this cry is still ringing from the ages and it is exceptionally true for the people of Aitape and Lumi.

Aitape Lumi peoples’ cry of the years gone by since independence has reflected the district’s engagement in only a similar form of development. This development comes in the form of foreign companies extracting natural resources from the local villages.

For Aitape (both East & West LLG areas), logging industry very much dominated the area. These logging companies operate using different permits, some under the guise of SABL (agro-forest projects), others using road permits, yet others empowered by peoples' ILGs have engaged in logging activities that are illegal in nature (Numapo, 2013).

For Lumi, others of similar nature are in operation at various scales. One of the recent project since the late 90s is the Tree Kangaroo Conservation project. Through the signing of 'Moratorium (temporary agreement to stop hunting Tree Kangaroos), the project since then has significantly grown to a new level (Tenkile Conservation Alliance, 2017).

 

A local person’s development reflection

 

With this brief description of the Aitape-Lumi district’s development cry of the ages, there are certain vital development points that are essential to foster development and mitigate underdevelopment.

Firstly, these forms of development, apart from our Government, have brought some changes to the lives of the people without doubt. However, the impact of the change and the extent of the benefits are still debatable. Generally, all the villages and the lives of the people have very much looked the same. This obviously leads to the conclusion that forms of development that includes foreigners, Government (Political influence) and Middle Man (so called Chairman) is a model that does not really benefit the people. Too many partners involve too many pay cheques and expense. Alas, the poor village people only receive a trickle.

Secondly the cry from the past has indicated explicitly that the discussed form of development includes a lot of third parties. In this context, the people, who are the primary stakeholders- for whose interest the projects, are undertaken at most times became spectators. They have lost their rights over their own land and have become strangers in their own paradise home.

Furthermore, such development practices and models serve various interests because a lot of unnecessary partners are in partnership.

 

The probe

 

These thoughts lead to a new probing question of, “how can we maximize development benefit to the people and make it more sustainable?”  A recent discussion in development reveals that the key lies in the need to consider the culture and views of the people in the community which is the vital cog or the key to any initiative designed to benefit the people (Astanga, 2018).

So for development and any initiatives to be successful, people’s perspectives, conceptualizations and knowledge on development is very importation. There should be equal and ample contribution by the communities before any development project is carried out.

When considering indigenous peoples’ (landowners) perspective, culture is also another factor that should be considered as it is integral to development and could not be separated (Marana, 2010). It is indeed a vital element in any development practice that is connected to the people. It is also important to note that culture itself is not static but is dynamic and is fluid and changes every time people interact with one another (Hermes, 2014).

In this setting, a proper understanding and incorporation of culture in any development planning and execution is paramount for success.

Concluding thoughts

 

In reminiscing the past and hoping for the future, a Wape and Aitape person is naturally a Melanesian. It is clear in his culture that they as a people are a communal people. They strive to collectively make their communities better. Yes, the cry from the past is a reaction to the deep wounds caused by ignorance and negligence of their own ways in their quest to adapt and adopt the foreign notions of development. The future is now, let the Wape and Aitape man put aside Western notion of individualism which is destroying him and start building himself from within.

 

"BOTTOM UP- COMMUNITY BASED MODEL OF DEVELOPMENT IS THE WAY FOWARD"
 

Reference

Astanga, F. A. (June, 2018). Development expert want public perception of development changed. Ghana News Agency. Retrieved from https://search/proquest.com/docview/2057530779?accountid=191104

Hermes, K. L. (2014). Yumi olgeta papua niugini: cultural identity formations and national consciousness among urban-educated youth in Papua New Guinea (Doctoral dissertation, [Honolulu]:[University of Hawaii at Manoa],[December 2014]). Retrieved from https://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/bitstream/10125/101225/Hermes_Karin_r.pdf

Marana, M. (2010). Culture and Development: Evolution and prospects.

 

Narokobi, B. (1980). The Melanesian way: Total cosmic vision of life. Institute of Papua New Guinea Studies.

Nekitel, O. (1989). Communicating the concepts of development. In C. Thirlwall and P.J.Huges (Eds.), The ethics of development: Language, communication and power (pp.  57-61). Port Moresby, PNG: University of Papua New Guinea Press.

Numapo, J. (2013). Commission of inquiry into special agricultural and business leases (SABL) final report. Retrieved from https://www.coi.pg.

Tenkile Conservation Alliance. (2017). Tree kangaroo. Retrieved from http://www.tenkile.com

Willis, K. (2016). Development theory. doi: 10.1093/OBO/9780199874002-0007